In response to the armaments and other cargo arriving in the USSR, the Allies received 300 thousand tons of chrome ore, 32 thousand tons of manganese ore, a significant amount of platinum, gold, wood, etc. The Arctic convoys of World War II were oceangoing convoys which sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America to northern ports in the Soviet Union – primarily Arkhangelsk (Archangel) and Quelle: Hague, Arnold: The allied convoy system 1939-1945 : its organization, defence and operation. The Quiet Courage of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ.17, Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" and the Russian Convoys, Convoy PQ.17 Primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS, Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II&oldid=997025981, Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, the strong currents and the mixing of cold and warm waters, which made, the alternation between the difficulties of navigating and maintaining convoy cohesion in constant darkness in winter convoys or being attacked around-the-clock in constant daylight in summer convoys, This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 17:44. About 1,400 merchant ships delivered essential supplies to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program, escorted by ships of the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy, and the U.S. Navy. Di museum ini anda bisa mempelajari meneganai sejarah militer kelautan Rusia, seperti pendirian angkatan laut pertama Rusia di Arkhangelsk, hingga eksplorasi Arktik pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18, hingga konvoi Murmansk WWII yang bekerja sama dengan prajurit Inggris. (SERGEI I.) 12,5 x 20,5 cm - 302 S. THE GOOD SHEPHERD, dt. Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine lost a number of vessels including one battleship, three destroyers, 30 U-boats, and many aircraft. Murmanskkonvoiene betegnes som en av andre verdenskrigs mest dramatiske operasjoner. Some capital ships were physically dismantled and armament used in coastal defences. Operation Dervish was the first of the Arctic Convoys of the Second World War by which the Western Allies supplied material to the Soviet Union in its fight with Nazi Germany. Sadar akan kehadiran Scharnhorst di Norwegia, komandan Armada Dalam Negeri Inggris, Laksamana Sir Bruce Fraser, mulai membuat rencana untuk melenyapkan kapal perang Jerman tersebut. The Persian Corridor was the longest route, and was not fully operational until mid-1942. Setelah melepaskan tembakan dari "Admiral Hipper", konvoi melanjutkan perjalanannya ke Soviet Murmansk. Konvoifarten til Russland var en av den andre verdenskrigs mest dramatiske og ubarmhjertige militære operasjoner. Store norske leksikon er et gratis og komplett oppslagsverk skrevet av Kommentaren din publiseres her. The three U-boats in the area were increased to nine and another six were distributed between Bergen, Trondheim and Narvik to reconnoitre and oppose Allied landings. From February 1942 they assembled and sailed from Loch Ewe in Scotland. Gneisenau), were chased off, or were sunk by superior forces (e.g. - ca. Prinz Eugen was badly damaged by a torpedo and the Admiralty was informed of the hit by an Enigma intercept the next day. The route skirted occupied Norway en route to the Soviet ports. The success of Gneisenau and Scharnhorst in Operation Berlin during early 1941 had demonstrated the potential German threat. As the Allies closed the air gap over the North Atlantic with very long range aircraft, Huff-Duff (radio triangulation equipment) improved, airborne centimetric radar was introduced and convoys received escort carrier protection, the scope for commerce raiding diminished. "Lend-Lease and severnye konvoi" ("Lend-Lease and north convoys 1941-1945", Moscow, 1997. SCHOFIELD, B.B. They were later distributed in various ships in RA 64; read more about this in my text for Skiensfjord and Idefjord. The Norwegian historic account One in Ten Had to Die (Hver tiende mann måtte dø) also 1967 by writer Per Hansson is based on the experience of the Norwegian sailor Leif Heimstad and other members of the Norwegian merchant fleet during World War II. Supplies were often destroyed by the Nazi air-bombings, and by Naval Detachment K while on the way to Leningrad. All ships arrived safely. From 1941 food and munition supplies were delivered from British convoys to Leningrad by trains, barges, and trucks. A27563.jpg 800 × 610; 62 KB In particular, the unsuccessful attack on convoy JW-51B (the Battle of the Barents Sea), where a strong German naval force failed to defeat a British escort of cruisers and destroyers, infuriated Hitler and led to the strategic change from surface raiders to submarines. She was penned in and repeatedly attacked until she was finally sunk in Tromsø fjord on 12 November 1944 by the Royal Air Force (RAF). The squadron flew Canadian-made Hampden … 104 handelsskip ble senket og mellom 1000 og 1500 sjøfolk omkom. Escorts would accompany the outbound convoy to a cross-over point, meeting and then conducting the homebound convoy back, while the close escort finished the voyage with its charges. [12] In January 1942 reinforcements of Luftwaffe bombers, torpedo-bombers and long range reconnaissance aircraft were sent to northern Norway and new command organisations established at Stavanger and Kirkenes, followed by Fliegerführer Lofoten who was charged with the defence of Norway and offensive operations against Allied convoys. I løpet av kort tid var den første britisk konvoien sendt til Arkhangelsk lastet med fly og panservogner. Lend-liz i Rossija: Lend-liz i severnye konvoi, 1941-1945 gg. [17] The Persian Corridor was the only all-weather route to the USSR and 4,159,117 long tons (4,225,858 t) of supplies were delivered. Sementara itu, kapal penjelajah "Lutz" pensiun karena mengejar pengawalan. Left Loch Ewe at 15:15 on March 10-1942 and arrived Murmansk on March 31 Transcribed from several documents received from Roger Griffiths - His source: Public Records Office, Kew. ARKTICHESKIE SOYUZNYE KONVOI 1941-1945 Arcturus Press Arms and Armour Press Arrow Books BAKER, WALTER JOHN BARASHKOV, YURII BRATSTVO SEVERNYKH KONVOEV, 1941-1945 … Fra juni 1941 til mai 1945 ble mer enn fire millioner tonn krigsforsyninger sendt med Murmansk-konvoiene. Allied Merchant Ship Losses in Arctic Convoys, June 21-1941 – May 8-1945: (Source: Convoys to Russia 1941-1945, Bob Ruegg/Arnold Hague, 1992). Her fryktet den britiske marine at den skulle møte hovedangrepet, blant annet av en stor flÃ¥testyrke der man regnet at slagskipet Tirpitz var med. Pertempuran Cape Utara dilancarkan pada 26 Disember 1943, semasa Perang Dunia II. USS Thomas Donaldson adalah bagian dari konvoi Arctic JW-65 ketika kapal tersebut diserang U-Boat U968 Nazi di dekat Pulau Kildin Rusia di Laut Barents, di lepas pantai Rusia dan sekitar 120 km dari Norwegia, pada 20 Maret 1945. German documents related to the Enigma coding machine were captured during the commando raids of Operation Archery and Operation Anklet (27 December 1941). Det førte til store tap, og mannskaper som overlevde torpederinger og flyangrep frøs fort ihjel i det iskalde polarvannet. [14], The 1955 novel HMS Ulysses by Scottish writer Alistair MacLean, considered a classic of naval warfare literature and the 1967 novel The Captain by Dutch author Jan de Hartog are set during the Arctic convoys. Selepas ditembak dari "Laksamana Hipper", konvoi meneruskan perjalanannya ke Soviet Murmansk. Dermed ble skipene sterkt utsatt for tyske fly- og ubÃ¥tangrep fra norske baser. The First Sea Lord … 5. Sel aastal tähistab seitsekümmend viis aastat alates päevast, mil sõjaväevarustus hakkas Murmanski jõudma, tarnides Ameerika ja Suurbritannia, et võidelda ühise vaenlase - fašistliku Saksamaa vastu. Etter Tysklands angrep pÃ¥ Sovjetunionen i juni 1941, (Operasjon Barbarossa), henvendte Sovjetunionens statssjef Josef Stalin seg til Storbritannias statsminister Winston Churchill og ba om hjelp i form vÃ¥pen og utstyr. Av de tolv norske skipene som var med i konvoiene ble to torpedert, men ble bragt i sikkerhet. Mesteparten av konvoien ble senket av tyske ubÃ¥ter og flyvÃ¥pen 4. juli 1942. Das Unternehmen Rösselsprung bezeichnete einen Vorstoß schwerer deutscher Einheiten der Kriegsmarine vom 2. bis 5. The 1973 Russian novel Requiem for Convoy PQ-17 (Реквием каравану PQ-17) by writer Valentin Pikul depicts the mission of Convoy PQ 17, reflecting the bravery and courage of ordinary sailors in the merchant ships and their escorts, who took mortal risks to provide Allied aid. Britisk krigspropaganda for murmanskkonvoiene. Vil du sitere denne artikkelen? BLOND, GEORGES "Galeya Print" Durham County Advertiser GREENWELL, KENNETH Hutchinson Macdonald and Jane's PLATONOV, A.V. In total, from August 1941 to May 1945, 78 convoys were carried out along this route, in the sum of the order of 1400 merchant ships could Det skjedde 4. juli med katastrofale følger. Norsk dokumentarserie. A branch of the Pacific Route began carrying goods through the Bering Strait to the Soviet Arctic coast in June 1942. Tysklands okkupasjon av Norge gjorde at den eneste aktuelle transportveien fra Storbritannia var en nordlig konvoirute over Barentshavet. Leksikonet er eid av de norske universitetene og Meister J. Many more Australians visited Russia in 1942 in the ranks of the 455 th RAAF squadron. The reinforcement of the U-boat force in the Arctic to 12 in March and 21 in August (the real number was later found to be 23) was followed, along with the transfer orders to the large German ships, leading to the ambush of Prinz Eugen by the submarine HMS Trident off Trondheim on 23 February. Det var den største i Murmansk-farten til da, med 34 handelsskip, alle fullastet med forsyninger og krigsmateriell til den russiske armé. Faced with these casualties Admiral Dönitz abandoned his previous North Atlantic combat tactics. 4. Denne tyske operasjonen var gitt navnet Operasjon Rösselsprung. Murmansk Run: Arctic Convoys to Russia: free print-and-play boardgame. Dette var de eneste sovjetiske havnene som kunne ta imot sÃ¥ mange og store skip. [13], The British read these moves from Ultra intercepts and traffic analysis from the RAF Y-station at RAF Cheadle, which eavesdropped on communications between Luftwaffe aircraft and ground stations. This work is a collection of American eyewitness accounts of one of the most hazardous military operations of World War II - the Murmansk Run. Kapten kapal itu menyedari kesilapannya, tetapi sudah terlambat: dia memberi perintah untuk meninggalkan pelabuhan itu. Vi skal følge allierte og tyske flygere og marinefolk den siste krigsvinteren og evakueringen av 500 sørøyværinger på konvoi RA 64 i februar 1945. m. SchU. Diperkirakan 1.400 kapal Sekutu mengirimkan pasokan melalui rute konvoi Arktik selama perang, dengan bertaruh nyawa karena diancam kapal selam dan kapal permukaan Nazi. I sommerhalvÃ¥ret gikk konvoiruten nord for Island, Jan Mayen og Bjørnøya. Nende üleandmine oli ebatavaliselt keeruline ülesanne, kuid see oli esirinnas äärmiselt … The interception and sinking of Scharnhorst by HMS Duke of York was greatly assisted by ULTRA intercepts. Selanjutnya, jalan mereka terletak di Reykjavik, di mana kapal-kapal memanjat tangki, dan kemudian pergi ke destinasi mereka. Eighty-five merchant vessels and 16 Royal Navy warships (two cruisers, six destroyers, eight other escort ships) were lost. [4], Outbound and homebound convoys were planned[by whom?] During the voyage JW 55B was approached by a German force centred on the battleship … This, together with the obvious need to stop convoy supplies reaching the Soviet Union, caused him to direct that heavier ships, especially the battleship Tirpitz, be sent to Norway. The fate of the PQ-17 convoy is very dramatic. The convoys demonstrated the Allies' commitment to helping the Soviet Union, prior to the opening of a second front, and tied up a substantial part of Germany's naval and air forces. From July through September small Soviet convoys assembled in Providence Bay, Siberia to be escorted north through the Bering Strait and west along the Northern Sea Route by icebreakers and Lend-Lease Admirable class minesweepers. 27 June 1942, he left the Icelandic Hval-fjord and went east with an eight-knot turn. 2 mann omkom. [8] The Arctic convoys caused major changes to naval dispositions on both sides, which arguably had a major impact on the course of events in other theatres of war. (3:3) For mange sjøfolk ble Murmansk-konvoiene en dødsreise. Scharnhorst). From 1941 to 1945 convoys of U.S. merchant ships transported cargoes to the northern Russian ports of Murmansk, Archangel, and Molotovsk. Both convey vividly the atmosphere of combined extreme belligerent action and inhospitable nature, pushing protagonists to the edge of endurance and beyond. 4 February To 2 March 1945. on Board the Cruiser HMS Bellona on a Convoy To and From Russia. Den hardest rammede konvoien var Konvoi PQ 17, som seilte ut fra Hvalfjord pÃ¥ Island 27. juni 1942. [11], It has been said that the main value of the convoys was political, proving that the Allies were committed to helping the Soviet Union at a time when they were unable to open a second front. Dibanjiri oleh pasukan tentera Britain yang lebih besar berhampiran Tanjung Utara Norway, Scharnhorst tenggelam. Konvoi Allied Arktik 1941-1945 sedang dibentuk, dan mereka mengambil kargo mereka di pelabuhan Scotland, yang terletak di teluk Lough Yu. [18] Remaining ships continued westbound and were the only seaborne cargoes to reach Archangel while J W convoys were suspended through the summers of 1943 and 1944. Murmanskkonvoiene var skipskonvoier med forsyninger til Sovjetunionen i perioden 1941–1945. The squadron was formed on the 30 th of June 1941 out of the Australians who had volunteered to join the Air Force and had been trained in Britain. As part of the convoy was 37 transports filled with a variety of military goods. Juli 1942 während des Zweiten Weltkrieges im Nordmeer gegen den britischen Konvoi … Kapal perusak ini digunakan dalam operasi yang dirasa kurang memuaskan di sepanjang pantai Murmansk sampai dengan akhir tahun 1941 sebelum balik kembali ke Jerman. Ketika berusaha menyerang konvoi Sekutu, kapal perang Jerman Scharnhorst dibawa untuk beraksi di Battle of the North Cape. v. Eugen von Beulwitz More and more convoys managed to cross the Atlantic without casualties. Kapal-kapal Uni Soviet mengangkut pasokan dari pantai barat Amerika Serikat dan Kanada ke Vladivostok di Timur Jauh Rusia , selagi Uni Soviet … Store norske leksikon er eid av de norske universitetene og flere andre ideelle organisasjoner: Frost om bord pÃ¥ den britiske krysseren HMS Sheffield, som eskorterer en konvoi til Russland. Li︠u︡ftvaffe pod poli︠a︡rnoĭ zvezdoĭ : poteri VVS Germanii na Kraĭnem Severe: Murmansk-konvoiene: Murmanskie konvoi : voennaja drama v Arktike i ee učastniki Med opptil 3 millioner brukere i mÃ¥neden og for forskningsformidling. Betydningen av konvoiene var stor og bidro til at Sovjetunionen fikk forsyninger av høyst tiltrengt krigsmateriell. St.Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell, 2000. Pada 22 Desember, patroli Luftwaffe menemukan konvoi JW 55B yang menuju Murmansk dan mulai melacak kemajuannya. Altogether 237 boats were lost in 1943, then 238 in 1944, and an additional 123 in 1945. Munchen, 1958. Provisions for the airfields were transferred to river vessels and barges on the estuaries of large Siberian rivers. In the fall of 1944, 159 vessels sailed the route to Murmansk … [16] Nevertheless, 8,244,000 tons of goods went by this route, 50 percent of the total.[15]. Media related to Arctic convoys of World War II at Wikimedia Commons, List of merchant ships lost in Convoy PQ 17, Sea routes of Soviet Lend-Lease:Voice of Russia, "The Unknown World War II in the North Pacific", "Chapter 9: The Persian Corridor as a Route for Aid to the USSR", United States Army Center of Military History, London Gazette: Convoys to North Russia, 1942, Soviet account on the war in Arctic and the convoys: Admiral [[Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov. The Arctic convoys of World War II were oceangoing convoys which sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America to northern ports in the Soviet Union – primarily Arkhangelsk (Archangel) and Murmansk in Russia. As a "fleet in being", Tirpitz and the other German capital ships tied down British resources which might have been better used elsewhere, for example combating the Japanese in the Indian Ocean. 1945 Torpedert 14/02 av den tyske ub ten U 968 (Oberleutnant zur See Otto Westphalen) i posisjon 69.22N-33.50 utenfor Kolahalv ya, USSR mens hun var p reise i konvoi BK 3 fra Molotovsk, USSR via Murmansk, USSR til England i ballast. Murmanskkonvoiene var skipskonvoier med forsyninger til Sovjetunionen i perioden 1941–1945. ... mereka disertai oleh sembilan lagi kapal milik empat konvoi menuju Murmansk … Terdapat 78 konvoi antara Agustus 1941 sampai Mei 1945, berlayar melalui beberapa laut dari Samudra Atlantik dan … Kapten kapal menyadari kesalahannya, tetapi sudah terlambat: dia memberi perintah untuk pergi ke pelabuhan. British Convoy To Russia. A total of 452,393 tons passed through the Bering Strait aboard 120 ships. The flag officer of JW 64 detached the escorting destroyers Sioux, Zambesi, Zealous and Zest to have 500 civilians brought from the Norwegian island Sørøy (under German attack) to Murmansk. Setelah berpartisipasi dalam Operasi Cerberus, Z25 menjadi bagian dari "Zerstörergruppe Arktis" dan beroperasi melawan Konvoi PQ 13. Kopier denne teksten og lim den inn i litteraturlisten din: Hudson, F A (Lt), Royal Navy official photographer, Coote, R G G (Lt), Royal Navy official photographer. Quelle: Hague, Arnold: The allied convoy system 1939-1945 : its organization, defence and operation. Etter Tysklands angrep på Sovjetunionen i juni 1941, (Operasjon Barbarossa), henvendte Sovjetunionens statssjef Josef Stalin seg til Storbritannias statsminister Winston Churchill og ba om hjelp i form våpen og … Frigjøringen i Nord-Norge 1944-1945: Katorga i ssylka na Severe Rossii : (sbornik statej). 550 000 leste artikler hver dag er leksikonet Norges største nettsted I vintermÃ¥nedene førte drivisen til at ruten mÃ¥tte legges lenger sør mot Finnmarkskysten. Convoy JW 55B was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II.It sailed in late December 1943, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the end of the month. Antara pertengahan 1941 dan Mei 1945, Sekutu Barat kehilangan 85 kapal pasokan dan 16 kapal induk Inggris, dengan sebanyak 3.000 pelaut tewas … However, convoys continued deliveries of food in 1942, 1943, and through 1944. [15] The Pacific route opened in August 1941, but was affected by the start of hostilities between Japan and the US with the Attack on Pearl Harbor. flere ideelle stiftelser/organisasjoner. Their cost was about 700 million. Suprun M.N. [2], Ultra signals intelligence gained from the German Enigma code being broken at Bletchley Park played an important part in the eventual success of the convoys. [2], After the first convoy, code-named Operation Dervish in August 1941, the Arctic convoys ran in two series:[3], The convoys ran from Iceland (usually off Hvalfjörður) and traveled north of Jan Mayen Island to Arkhangelsk when the ice permitted in the summer months, shifting south as the pack ice increased and terminating at Murmansk. Escort combined 19 warships and WINN, GODFREY "NEW SENTRY" 'The New Sentry' ALDRIDGE, J.M. Konvoi Arktik pada Perang Dunia II adalah konvoi melalui samudra yang berlayar dari Britania Raya, Islandia dan Amerika Utara ke pelabuhan-pelabuhan utara di Uni Soviet – terutama Arkhangelsk dan Murmansk di Rusia. "Der Seekrieg in den osteuropaischen Gewaassern", 1939-1945. In May, all the U-boats came under Arctic Command and on 23 May, Admiral Scheer and Prinz Eugen joined Tirpitz at Trondheim, followed by Admiral Hipper; by 26 May Lützow had arrived at Narvik. Skipene, etter hvert i hovedsak amerikanske, men ogsÃ¥ fra andre allierte nasjoner og fra Norge, seilte fra engelske havner, ofte via Island, og gikk til Murmansk og Arkhangelsk. [citation needed], The Arctic route was the shortest and most direct route for lend-lease aid to the USSR, though it was also the most dangerous. Admiralitetet bestemte at eskorten skulle trekke seg unna og at konvoien skulle spres. Sementara itu, kapal selam "Lutz" bersara dalam usaha mengejar pengiring. Their number totalled at about 80. [10], Leningrad under the siege was one of important destinations for supplies from the convoys. fagfolk pÃ¥ bokmÃ¥l og nynorsk. PQ 17 var under observasjon av tyske rekognoseringsfly og ubÃ¥ter fra den forlot Island, og etter en del angrep fra fly og ubÃ¥ter der eskorten effektivt hadde forsvart handelsskipene, var konvoien kommet nord for Bjørnøya. Aside from an abortive attempt to interdict PQ12 in March 1942 and a raid on Spitsbergen in September 1943, Tirpitz spent most of the Second World War in Norwegian fjords. Skip i konvoi PQ 17 før utseilingen fra Hvalfjord. Also just mention that USSR used 16 ships of the same type as "Stary bolshevik". Amerika Serikat saja mengirimkan lebih dari 16.3 juta ton ke Uni Soviet selama perang, melalui 3 rute, termasuk Konvoi Arktika ke pelabuhan-pelabuhan Murmansk dan Arkhangelsk. The Arctic convoys of the Allies, who were carrying military cargo from Great Britain to the ports of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, became one of the brightest symbols of the Second World War. [17] Part of this northern tonnage was fuel for the airfields along the Alaska-Siberia Air Route. [citation needed]. Fagansvarlig eller redaktør svarer nÃ¥r de kan. Du mÃ¥ være logget inn for Ã¥ kommentere. Uten noe forsvar utover egne luftvernkanoner var skipene lett mÃ¥l for torpedoer og bomber, og av de 34 skipene som startet fra Island ble 23 senket. Flickr photos, groups, and tags related to the "konvoi" Flickr tag. As a result of early raids by destroyers on German coastal shipping and the Commando raid on Vågsøy, Hitler was led to believe that the British intended to invade Norway again. Other Kriegsmarine capital ships either never got to Norway (e.g. On 30 June 1945, the Lend-Lease Delivery Agreement was signed by the USA with 35 countries. to run simultaneously; a close escort accompanied the merchant ships to port, remaining to make the subsequent return trip, whilst a covering force of heavy surface units was also provided to guard against sorties by ships such as Tirpitz. Esimene arktiline konvoi ajaloos. Some 3,964,000 tons of goods were shipped by the Arctic route; 7 percent was lost, while 93 percent arrived safely. The two books differ in style, characterisation and philosophy (de Hartog was a pacifist, which cannot be said about MacLean). Unused / unissued material - location and dates unclear or unknown.Russia, Soviet Union (USSR). on the Convoy a U-boat Was Sunk and Many German Aircraft Were Shot Down. Particular dangers included: Cargo included tanks, fighter planes, fuel, ammunition, raw materials, and food. [13] The information could not always be acted upon because much of it was obtained at short notice but the intelligence did allow the Royal Navy to prepare for battle and convoys could be given appropriate escorting forces. The Channel Dash was partly undertaken for this reason.[9]. Skipet fl t fremdeles og ble tauet av et av eskorte skipene og satt p land n … Included in the convoy was the personnel and equipment of an RAF Wing, for the air defence of the Russian ports, and several civilians and diplomatic … There were 78 convoys between August 1941 and May 1945,[1] sailing via several seas of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans, with two gaps with no sailings between July and September 1942, and March and November 1943. C[ecil] S[cott] FORESTER Konvoi 1943 Roman Wolfgang Krüger Verlag GmbH | Hamburg 1957 Ln. St.Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell, 2000.. Som eskorte hadde konvoien seks destroyere, fire korvetter, to ubÃ¥ter, to luftvernfartøyer og tre redningsfartøyer. Supplemented w/info found in "Convoys to Russia 1941-1945" by Bob Ruegg and Arnold Hague. 6. The documents enabled the British to read messages on the home waters naval Enigma used by surface ships and U-boats in the Arctic (Heimisch, later Hydra network; Dolphin to the British) for the rest of the war. [7] The early convoys in particular delivered armoured vehicles and Hawker Hurricanes to make up for shortages in the Soviet Union. 153 sjøfolk mistet livet, og i alt 210 fly, 400 stridsvogner, 3850 kjøretøyer og 100 000 tonn ammunisjon som var i lasten fulgte med skipene ned. After December 1941, only Soviet ships could be used and as Japan and the USSR observed a strict neutrality towards each other, only non-military goods could be transported. [15] This constituted some 23 percent of the total aid to the USSR during the war. Operasi Roundel (1945) — Pengawal konvoi Inggris ke Murmansk Operasi Source (1943) — Serangan Kapal selam kelas X (kapal selam cebol) terhadap Kapal perang Jerman yang berbasis di Norwegia Operasi Sportpalast (1942) — Operasi Laut Jerman digagalkan (termasuk Kapal perang Jerman Tirpitz ]]) untuk menyerang konvoi … Thereafter it saw the passage of 4,160,000 tons of goods, 27 percent of the total. APRELEV, S.I. Towards the end of the war the material significance of the supplies was probably not as great as the symbolic value hence the continuation—at Stalin's insistence—of these convoys long after the Soviets had turned the German land offensive. Russia completed payments … PQ 17 was the code name for an Allied Arctic convoy during the Second World War.On 27 June 1942, the ships sailed from Hvalfjord, Iceland, for the port of Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union.The convoy was located by German forces on 1 July, after which it was shadowed continuously and attacked.