As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. Al año siguiente enviudó y quedó con su único hijo, Pierre Aubry, que había nacido también en ese año. [35] He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured. The actress Véronique Genest read an excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman. Olympe de Gouges wrote her famous " Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen " shortly after the French constitution of 1791 was created in the same year. Geboren wurde sie allerdings schon 1748 (und nicht 1755). She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as Jacques Necker, the Duke of Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do". [citation needed], In 1788 she published Réflexions sur les hommes nègres, which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head. A record of her papers which were seized in 1793, at the time of her execution, lists about 40 plays. In her letters she articulated the values of the Enlightenment, and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as civic virtue, universal rights, natural rights and political rights. [9] When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris. Olympe de Gouges selbst gibt 1793 ihr Alter mit 38 Jahren an. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no political rights. November in Paris (auf dem Revolutionsplatz, heute Place de la Concorde) in. [27], Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world. [28] One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution Mary Wollstonecraft published Vindication of the Rights of Woman. [44], Gouges was not the only feminists who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. One of the slave protagonist explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. In other writings she attacked slavery and the death penalty, and argued in favour of divorce. On 6 March 2004, the junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and de Franche-Comté in Paris was proclaimed the Place Olympe de Gouges. Born Marie Gouze she first adopted the name Olympe de Gouges for her early plays. But like the writings of Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne de Mericourt, Claire Lacombe and Marquis de Condorcet, her arguments fell on deaf ears. [2] Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical salons of Paris, where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. However, it was rumored that de Gouges's mother, who reportedly was a beautiful women … This earned her the ire of many hard-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th-century historian Jules Michelet, a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand. Transaction Publ, 2006. "[32] Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by Helen Maria Williams and Leonora Sansay. Gouges also openly attacked the notion that human rights were a reality in revolutionary France. [16], She spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. "[21], Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. If you were less well informed, Madame, I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man. [31] The same year Gouges was executed the pamphlet On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows was published anonymously, proclaiming that "two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship. Zitiert nach: Olympe de Gouges, Schriften, Frankfurt 1980, S. 41ff, übersetzt von Monika Dillier. Olympe de Gouges, pseudónimo de Marie Gouze, nada en Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) o 7 de maio de 1748 e finada en París o 3 de novembro de 1793, foi unha escritora e abolicionista francesa, coñecida polas súas dúas obras máis famosas: A escravitude dos negros (1786) e a Declaración dos dereitos da muller e da cidadá (). Olympe de Gouges, also called Marie-Olympe de Gouges, original name Marie Gouze, married name Marie Aubry, (born May 7, 1748, Montauban, France—died November 3, 1793, Paris), French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens. Olympe de Gouges (rozená Marie Gouze, 7. května 1748 Montabaun– 3. listopadu 1793 Paříž) byla francouzská dramatička a spisovatelka s feministickým a demokratickým smýšlením. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. In early 1789 she published Patriotic remarks setting out her proposals for social security, care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for unemployed, and the introduction of a jury system. This posthumous characterisation of Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as Gouges had no role in founding the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. [25], 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' Marianne. Citizens were defined as men over 25, were "independent" and had paid the poll tax. [7], In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as Flora Tristan. In her letter she argued that he had been duped–that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed. Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! Gouges was defiant, she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. That piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her Letter to Louis XVI in 1792. "[3] Her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to Paris with her son to live with her sister. [24] However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. She never married again, calling the institution of marriage "the tomb of trust and love". She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform. She was an advocate for abolishing slaves in the colonies, but is best known for her work as an early feminist writer. [42], In November 1788 she published her first political brochure, a manifesto entitled Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund. In 1791, in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she wrote the Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne ("Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen"). Marie Gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. [45], In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens. In 1791 Gouges became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, also called the "Social Club," an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France "The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. Herausgegeben von Gabriela Wachter, Parthas, Berlin 2006, Mousset, Sophie: Women’s Rights and the French Revolution. [10], Gouges opposed the execution of Louis XVI of France (which took place on 21 January 1793), partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she favored constitutional monarchy. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. 1783-1793 Theaterstücke, Romane und politische Schriften, die die politische Umsetzung der Aufklärung veranschaulichen. Olympe de Gouges - Lettre a Monseigneur le duc d'Orleans premier prince du sang, 1789.djvu 2,528 × 3,812, 8 pages; 434 KB Olympe de Gouges verfasste in der Zeit von ca. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. [12] In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. Montauban – Frankreich. She expresses faith in the Estates General and in reference to the estates of the realm, that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is clergy, nobility and the people. In Paris Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue with the play. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), Marie-Antoinette is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including Gouges herself. A la temprana edad de 17 años fue forzada a contraer matrimonio con Louis-Yves Aubry, el 24 de octubre de 1765. She was declared the daughter of Pierre Gouze, bourgeois of Montauban, master butcher - he did not sign at the baptism because he was absent - and of Anne Olympe Mouisset, daughter of a lawyer from a family of merchants, married in 1737 The latter, born in 1712, was the goddaughter of the Marquis Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (Anne's father had been Jean-Jacques' tutor), born in 1709, with whom she would have maintained a romantic relationship. It was only in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of citoyenne to replace Madame and Mademoiselle. The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent". [2], In Paris she started a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, but refused his marriage proposal. Gouges opposes absolutism, but believed France should retain a constitutional monarchy.[47]. Sie muss sich ständig gegen Verleumdungen wehren und erlebt, wie ihre Stücke und Beiträge abgelehnt werden – und andere sich ihre Ideen zu eigen machen. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold."[18]. Ve své Deklaraci práv ženy a občanky kritizovala nadvládu mužů a nerovnost pohlaví. De Gouges' Sterbeort … [38] Gouges signed her public letters with citoyenne, the feminised version of citizen. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. [19] Olympe was executed only a month after Condorcet had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. According to MP Jean-Baptiste Poncet-Delpech and others, "all of Montauban" knew that Lefranc de Pompignan was the adulterous father of the future Olympe de Gouges. However, her remains—like those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of Marquis de Condorcet) would be only ceremonial. The square was inaugurated by the mayor of the 3rd arrondissement, Pierre Aidenbaum, along with then first deputy mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo. Furthermore active citizenship was two-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for public office. Marie Gouze nació en el pueblo de Montauban el 7 de mayo de 1748. 14. Wikipedia: Olympe de Gouges in der freien Enzyklopädie, Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›, Tod mit 45 Jahren am 3. Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. Her most famous work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (la vertu mâle et répub-licaine). She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists. [30], American women began to refer to themselves as citess or citizeness and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom. A partir de 1770 Olympe se mudó a París, con la principal intención de que su hijo obtuviera educación de calidad. Clémence Bodoc, web rédactrice chez madmoizelle.com , nous décrit la « zone grise », moment où les interprétations diverses demandent l’avis de l’autre, du vis-à-vis, pour ne pas commettre une agression. [1] Hon var politisk aktivist, feminist, författare och dramatiker.Hon är författaren till Deklarationen om kvinnans och medborgarinnans rättigheter (1791). Schreiben im Sinne der Aufklärung Olympe de Gouges nahm sie als Künstlernamen an. Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice. A number of her plays were published and some are extant. She usually was invited to the salons of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights. Olympe de Gouges défenseur officieux de Louis Capet - (December 1792) this letter written to the Convention on 16 December 1792 offering to defend Louis XVI was also produced as a placard liberally posted around Paris; it was disregarded and derided. Bild »Christine de Pizan« [M]: PD — Zeichenerklärung: [M] bearbeitet — Lizenztexte: CC BY-SA 3.0 — Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›. [4] For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery, she argued that "Men everywhere are equal… Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects". Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} Engraved portrait of French feminist and revolutionary Olympe de Gouges . That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including Madame Roland and Marie-Antoinette. In that pamphlet she expressed, for the first time, her famous statement: "A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. Olympe de Gouges - Vorkämpferin für Frauenrechte – Französischen Revolution -Autorin – Theaterstücke - 1748 geboren, „Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und der Bürgerin“ (1791 -vom Revolutionstribunal am 3. http://sonntagssoziologe.de Die Menschenrechte der Französischen Revolution galten ausschließlich für Männer. [2] Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. [26] 1793 marked the start of the Reign of Terror in post-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. Juli 1793 wurde auf der Brücke Saint-Michel in Paris Olympe de Gouges verhaf­tet, als sie zusam­men mit dem Buchhänd­ler-Verle­ger Costard und dem Plaka­tie­rer Trottier ein Plakat anbrin­gen wollte mit dem Titel: „Les trois urnes ou le salut de la patrie, par un voyager aérien“. "[49], French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Olympe de Gouges, Significant civil and political events by year, The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller, France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned, Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal, Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman, 1989 p. 235, Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 311, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, Women's Petition to the National Assembly, "I Foresaw it All: The Amazing Life and Oeuvre of Olympe de Gouges", Olympe de Gouges, a Daughter of Quercy on her Way to the Panthéon, "Olympe de Gouges's trial and the affective politics of denaturalization in France", A website containing English translations of de Gouges' works, An extensive article about Olympe de Gouges, An excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympe_de_Gouges&oldid=989347872, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 13:44. The French Constitution marked the birth of the short-lived constitutional monarchy and implemented a status based citizenship. Her stance against the slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. With the support of Rozières she established a theatre company. Born Marie Gouze in Montauban, France in 1748 to petite-bourgeois parents Anne Olympe Moisset Gouze, a maidservant, and her second husband, Pierre Gouze, a butcher, Marie grew up speaking Occitan (the dialect of the region). Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, an author was the subject of the king.